Nouns

The noun is one of the most important parts of speech. Its arrangement with the verb helps to form the sentence core which is essensial to every complete sentence. In addition, it may function as the chief or “head” word in many structures of modification.

Types of  Nouns :

Classified by Meaning

Proper Nouns

A proper noun begins with a capital letter in writing. It includes, (a) Personal names (Mr. John Smith, Ms. Marcella) ; (b) Names of geographic units such as countries, cities, rivers,etc (Holland, Paris) ; (c) Names of  nationalities and religions (a Dutchman, Christianity) ; (d) Names of holidays (Easter, Thanksgiving Day) ; (e) Names of time units (Monday, June) ; (f) Word used for personification – a thing or abstraction treated as a person (Nature, Liberty).

As opposed to proper nouns, all other nouns are classified as common nouns.

Example :

1. Anita didn’t come here because she was slept.
2. Ms. Marcella sent me some postcards.
3. Next Monday is my birthday.
4. Holland is my favorite countries.
5. We came by ferry then drove to London.

Concrete or Abstract Nouns

A concrete noun is a word for a physical object that can be perceived by the senses – we can see, touch, smell the object (flower, boy). An abstrack noun is a word for a concept – it is an idea that exist in our minds only (handsome, wisdom, happiness).

Example :

1. He gives me a bunch of flowers.
2. The train has arrived.
3. The boy in the corner of room is my brother.
4. Your boyfriend is so handsome.
5. We wish you happiness.

Countable or Uncountable nouns

A countable noun can usually be  made plural by the addition of –s (a ring, two rings). A uncountable noun is not used in the plural (sugar, oil).

Example :

1. I have two rings.
2. She sent me a letter.
3. He drinks a cup of coffee.
4. We had meet for dinner.
5. I give you  ten apples.

Collective Nouns

A collective noun is a word for a group people, animals or object considered as a single unit. Examples of collective nouns are class, committee, crowd, enemy, group, majority, family, orchestra, folk, public, team.

Example :

1. All the committees have now made their recommendations.
2. My family has arrived from Bali.
3. Mr. John is majority leader in this province.
4. My team is the winner in this geme.
5. The committee have disagreed among themselves.

Types of  Nouns :

Classified by Form

Noun Compounds

The tearm compound, as it is used for a part of speech, refers to a group of words – usually two, but sometimes more-joined together into one vocabulary unit that functions as a single part of speech (Mother-in-law, bathroom, manservant, blue print, dining room, etc).

Exampe :

1. I usually take a bath in the bathroom.
2. We are having dinner in the dining room.
3. I don’t have step-daughter.
4. Sheila is her daughter-in-law.
5. Farhan is commander-in-chief.

Verbs

The verb is the most complex part of speech. Its varying arrangements with nouns determine the different kinds of sentence-statements, questions, commands, exclamations. Like the noun, the verb has the grammatical properties of person and number, properties which require agreement with the subject. But the verb also has several other grammatical properties that are shared with no other part of speech. These properties are tense, voice, mood, aspect.

Types of Verbs

Classified by Complement of Verb

Predicating or Linking Verbs

A predicating verb is the chief word in the predicate that says something about the subject. The predicating word has tradionally been called a verb of ”action” (babies cry ; She wrote a letter), but has actually been interpreted to include most non-action verbs that are not linking verbs (I remember him; She needs more money).

A Linking verb is a verb of incomplete predication; it merely announces that the real predicate follows. The more common linking verbs are appear, be, become, get, look, remain, seem. Also functioning as linking verbs are the verbs of perception (feel, taste,smell,sound).

Example :

1. The actress is beautiful.
2. Richard looks busy. (= Richard is busy).
3. The cakes smell delicious (=the cakes are delicious).
4. He cries in the backyard.
5. She sleeps in her bed.

Transitive or Intransitive Verbs

A transitive verb takes a direct object. An intransitive verb does not require an object. Only transitive verbs may be used in the passive voice (The book was returned by him quickly).

Example for Transitive verbs :

1. The man cuts the tree.
2. She watches the film
3. I eat sate.
4. She reads a novel.
5. He buys a pen.

Example for  Intransitive verbs :

1. The baby cries.
2. My mother is sleeping.
3. The water boils.
4. She walks.
5. He sits.

Reflexive Verbs

A reflexive verb requires one of the compounds with –self (reflexsive pronoun) as its object--express oneself, wash oneself, pride oneself, avail oneself.

Example :

1. She can look after herself.
2. He drives the car himself.
3. He keeps everything to himself.
4. She talks to oneself.
5. She washed the child and then dressed him quickly.

Types of Verbs

Classified by Form of Verb

Auxiliary or Lexical Verbs

Two or more words may be joined together into a single verb phrase that functions as the full verb of the predicate. The first part of the verb phrase is the auxiliary and the second part is lexical verb (will be, must go) .

Example :

1. She can write business letters very well.
2. He can speak English.
3. She could not go to school yesterday because she was ill.
4. I will be your bestfriend.
5. I must do my homework.

Finite or Non-Finite Verbs

A finite verb is a lexical verb with or without auxiliaries that acts as the full predicate. It is limited by all the grammatical properties a verb may have—person, number, tense, voice, etc. Non-finite verbs are incomplete verb forms that function as other parts of speech than verbs. They consist of the infinitive forms (to + the simple of verb) and the participial –ing or –ed forms.

Example :

1. The boy talking to the teacher is my brother.
2. The girl wearing a blue t-shirt is my daughter.
3. The man walking to the market is policeman.
4. The woman running to the kitchen is a secretary.
5. The boy playing toys is my son.

Adverbs

It has been customary to include the most disparate elements among the adverbs, frequently those that cannot be put into any other part of speech classification. Adverbs range in meaningfrom words having a strong lexical content (those that describe the action of the verb, or those that  indicate such meanings as time and place) to those that are used merely for emphasis.

Types of Adverbs

Classified by Meaning

Manner (Quickly, Neatly, Awkwardly)

The manner adverb has the most characteristic adverbial form (an –ly ending added to a descriptive adjective).

Example :

1. She did her work quickly.
2. The large horse is walk slowly.
3. John speaks English fluently.
4. He drives the carefully.
5. She speaks loudly.

Place and Direction (Here, Away, Outside, Left, Straight, West)

Among the adverbs of place  and direction may be included some prepositional forms appearing after the verb. Some archaic forms for adverbs of place and direction are still found in the literary language such as hither (=here), thither (=there), yonder (=overthere), hence (=from here), thence (=from there), whither (=where).

Example :

1. You may sit here.
2. They were in the classroom.
3. You must go away.
4. I live near park in this way.
5. Turn left and you’ll find the station.

Time

Definite time is adverbs have a fixed boundary in time – yesterday, today, tomorrow. Most of these words have noun form and some may be used in plural form – Saturdays, Nights. In addition, a group of words may function as a single time expression – last week, a month ago, the day before yesterday.

Indifine time is kind of time has no fixed boundary. (a) Words like recently, nowdays, soon, already, still. (b) Words denoting a sequence in time – now, then, before, after, next, first, later. (c) Words denoting frequency. Frequency words range in meaning from at all times to at no time – always, often, sometimes, never.

Example :

1. I did this before, and he has done at since.
2. See you tomorrow Lisa.
3. I woke up early in this morning.
4. We have a dinner now.
5. I’ll call you the day after tomorrow.

Types of Adverb

Classified by Function

Sentence Adverbs

These adverbs often have a loose grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence,  and are looked upon as modifying the whole sentence rather than the verb – fortunately, presumably, actually, obviously, evidently.

Sentence adverbs can serve as single word answers to questions, especially if they express affirmation (yes, certainly, absolutely, precisely,undeniably), negation (no), possibility or probability (perhaps, maybe, possibly, probably).

Exampe :

1. He evidently thinks that he can do  no wrong.
2. Evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself.
3. She become a secretary fortunately.
4. The actually count was 25.
5. Actually he did not to go at all.

Conjunctive Adverbs

These adverbs establish a relationship between one sentence or clause ant the preceding sentence or clause. Conjunctive adverbs indicate such relationship as result (therefore, accordingly), addition (moreover, besides), contrast (however, nevertheless), condition (otherwise), time (then). Groups of words may be used to establish the same kinds of relationships as conjunctive adverbs do – in addition, for this reason, after this, if not.

Example :

1. We saw the saw and then went home.
2. There was nothing for dinner therefore we had to go to a grocery store.
3. John didn’t study, therefore he failed the test.
4. He is a clever man, nevertheless he often makes mistakes.
5. You must take a rest, otherwise you’ll lose your health.

Explanatory Adverbs

These adverbs illustrate or enumerate – namely, for example, as, i.e. (=that is), e.g. (=for example), viz. (=namely).

Example :

1. There are many kinds of animals for example mamalia.
2. There are many parts of speech as Noun, Verb, Adverb, and Adjectives.
3. O the same as zero.
4. For examples collective nouns are class, committee, crowd, enemy.
5. For examples noun compounds are mother-in-law, bathroom, manservant, blue print, dining room.

Relative, Interrogative Adverbs (When, Where, Why, How)

Relative adverbs is adverbs introduce adjective clauses. Interrogative adverbs is adverbs in questions and in noun clauses derived from questions.

Example :

1. We visited the house where a famous poet once lived.
2. When will he arrive?
3. I asked when he would arrive.
4. This is house where we live.
5. She lives in Staunton where Wilson was born.

Exclamatory adverb – How

This adverb is used with adjectives and adverbs.

Example :

1. How beautiful she is !
2. How beautifully she dresses !
3. How he has grown !
4. How he loves her !
5. How little he cares !