Penggunaan Present Continuous :

1.     Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi pada saat kita berbicara sekarang ini.

Example :

1. She is sweeping the floor now.

2. He is teaching me now.

3. They are eating rice in the inn.

4. We are cooking friedrice in the kitchen.

5. I am studying English.

6. She is writing a letter in her room.

7. They are waiting for us in the park.

8. A child is playing a doll in the yard.

9. They are talking to a stranger.

10. We are singing in the classroom.

2.     Menyatakan aktivitas dimasa yang akan datang dengan menyebut keterangan waktunya (dalam waktu dekat).

Example :

1.      He is getting married next week.

2.      She is writing a novel next month.

3.      We are singing in the café next day.

4.      We are traveling to Bali tomorrow.

5.      They are looking for a dictionary tomorrow.

6.      I am studying English next year.

7.      He is sweeping the floor tomorrow.

8.      They are talking to a headmaster next day.

9.      She is teaching me tonight.

10.  We are playing football in the yard this weekend.

3. Menyatakan aktivitas yang berulang-ulang dan mengandung rasa jengkel / kagum.

Example :

1. He is always tempting me.
2. She is always reading books.
3. They are always confusing him.
4. He is always writing a novel.
5. They are always disgusting.
6. She is always boring me.
7. She is always singing a fine song.
8. He is always bugging me.
9. He is always frightening her.
10. They are always praising us.

4.     Menyatakan kegiatan yang sifatnya hanya sementara.

Example :

1.      We are waiting for the bus (because we’ll go to Pare by bus)

2.      They are rising their trousers.

3.      We are standing for a moment.

4.      She is jumping.

5.      He is running for a moment.

6.      They are squatting.

7.      They are holding a snake for a moment.

8.      She is knocking the door.

9.      He is clearing up her hair before interview.

10.  We are praying together for the show.

5.     Menyatakan spontanitas tentang sesuatu hal yang terjadi pada saat berbicara.

Example :

1.      Look ! She is crying now.

2.      Look ! The man is entering that building.

3.      Listen ! Somebody is knocking the door.

4.      Listen ! Somebody is calling me.

5.      Look ! The man is climbing in that wall.

6.      Look ! She is dancing above her chair.

7.      Listen ! Somebody is singing in the bathroom.

8.      Look ! He is snuggling.

9.      Look ! She is very disgusting.

10.  Listen ! Somebody is asking to help.  

Task about Modals

MODALS

1.     May

The use of May :

a.       Polite request

1.      May I borrow your pen?

2.      May I go home now?

3.      May I come in?

4.      May I smoke here?

5.      May I dance here?

6.      May I leave the English class now?

7.      May I borrow your dictionary?

8.      May I introduce myself?

9.      May I see Mr.Luke?

10.  May I use your computer?

b.      Possibility

1.      It may rain tonight.

2.      Tya may know Thomas’s address.

3.      Via may come late.

4.      Susi may be nervous now.

5.      Joko may be sick.

6.      She may be stupid.

7.      He may be in Jakarta.

8.      Maybe they have understood.

9.      Fara may know where is the pen.

10.  He may live in Solo.

c.       Statement Request, Wish and Pray

1.      May you be happy!

2.      May God bless you!

3.      May you be luck!

4.      You may help me wash up.

5.      You may help me sweep the floor.

6.      May you be passion.

7.      May you be safe.

8.      May Andi help you.

9.      May Zahra brings your bag.

10.  May she listens you.

2.     Must

The use of Must :

a.       Obligation or strong necessity

1.      I must go to class today.

2.      You must do it now.

3.      You must be passion.

4.      I must study English.

5.      You must help each other.

6.      We must do our duty.

7.      He must study hard.

8.      She must go home now.

9.      We must be serious in studying.

10.  We must do our homework.

b.      95% certainty

1.      You must be tired after you tennis match.

2.      Lebaran must be happy day.

3.      One must eat to live.

4.      She must be sick.

5.      She must be late.

6.      They must be in the library now.

7.      Susi must be angry with you.

8.      Via must be happy cause you.

9.       It must have rained last night.

10.   She must have got up late this morning.

c.       Prohibition

1.      You must not play here.

2.      She must not be late.

3.      You must not smoke here.

4.      You mustn’t dance here.

5.      She mustn’t be angry now.

6.      You mustn’t do it now.

7.      He mustn’t leave the class.

8.      You mustn’t stand up here.

9.      He mustn’t laugh here.

10.  You mustn’t be lazy.

3.     Will

The use of will :

a.       Volution

1.      I will help you.

2.      I will give you one of these pills.

b.      Timeless truth

1.      Oil will float on water.

2.      She will most of his money to her son.

3.      Before one dies he usually writes down his will.

4.      Where there is a will, there is away.

c.       Futurity

1.      He will come here tomorrow.

2.      I will arrive at nine.

3.      I will go abroad next year.

4.     Should

The use of should :

a.       Softened command

1.      You should study harder.

2.      You should go today.

b.      Advice

1.      You should obey your parents.

2.      You should eat more fruits.

c.       Duty

1.      You should pay your debt.

2.      One shouldn’t tell lies.

d.      Probability

1.      If it should rain, I will stay at home.

2.      You should find the book on the table.

e.       Logical conclusion

1. Helen studied French for years. She should speak very well.

5.     Can

Example :

1.      I can run fast.

2.      You can use my car tomorrow.

3.      Can I borrow your pen?

4.      Can you help me?

5.      Can I do for you?

6.      You can be here as long as you wish.

7.      She can be a doctor.

8.      He can get to the top of the mountain in the day.

9.      You can go home now.

10.  She can write a poetry.

Task about Adverbial Clauses, Noun Clauses and Adjective Clauses

Adverbial Clauses

In an adverbial clause, a special introductory word is added to a full subject-predicate structure. This introductory word requires the clause to be attached to another full predication, the main clause --- I could not come because I had to work.

Types of Adverbial Clauses

Clauses of Manner

Adverb clause of manner usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : as if, as though and in that.

Clauses of Place

Adverb clause of place usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : where, wherever, whence or wheter.

Clauses of Timer

Adverb clause of time usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : when, whenever, while, since, before, after, till, until, as, as soon as, as long as and once.

Clauses of Degree

Adverb clause of degree usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : than or relative adverb : as.

Clauses of Cause

Adverb clause of cause usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : because, since, as, seeing that and now that.

Clauses of Purpose

Adverb clause of purpose usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : so that and in order that.

Clauses of Result

Adverb clause of result usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : so that.

Clauses of Concession

Adverb clause of concession usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : though or although, even if, even though and relative adverb : however, and whatever.

Clauses of Condition

Adverb clause of condition usually preceded by subordinate conjunctions : if and unless (negative).

Example of Adverbial Clauses :

1. She looks as though she has seen a ghost.
2. I hid it where I can find it again.
3. Since I last saw her, she has grown thin.
4. Hold the parcel while I open the door.
5. She is taller than I am.
6. He ran because He was late.
7. She must study hard in order that she may succeed.
8. He worked hard so that he was tired.
9. She went although it was raining.
10. If you were a mouse, the cat would catch you.

Noun Clauses

In a noun clause, the full object and predicate are retained, but the structure is changed by the addition of a special introductory word, by a special word order, or by both. These changes permit the noun clause to fill the same positions and to serve the same functions as nouns.

Types of Noun Clauses

Noun Clause as subject

Noun Clause as object

Noun Clause as complement

Example of Noun Clauses :

1. What you said is not true. (as subject)
2. When she will arrive is not known. (as subject)
3. That my husband has come pleases me. (as subject)
4. I cannot understand what you said. (as object)
5. I often wonder how you are getting on. (as object)
6. She replied that she would come soon. (as object)
7. I think she can do the Math items well. (as object)
8. That is what you said. (as complement)
9. The captain will be whoever flights best. (as complement)
10. He has made the college what it is today. (as complement)

Adjective Clauses

In an adjective clause, a full subject and predicate is changed by means of a special introductory word which has the same referent as the preceding noun or pronoun. The form and position of this introductory word subordinates the adjective clause to a main clause. The introductory word also performs one of three functions in the adjective clause it self : (1) nominal function --- the boy who gave me the book ; The boy from whom I received the book. (2) adjectival function --- the boy whose book I borrowed ; (3) adverbial function --- the store where the boy bought the book.

Example of adjectives clauses :

1. The women who lived next door to us lost her money.
2. This is the man whose son is my close friend.
3. There is a woman whom I saw.
4. The house that I live in belongs to my uncle.
5. The horse which she rode was brown.
6. She is the women whom we all respect.
7. This is the village where I was born.
8. She went to Bali, Where she was born and bread.
9. Gave me your reasons why you went here.
10. Sunday is the day when many people don’t go to work.

Nouns

The noun is one of the most important parts of speech. Its arrangement with the verb helps to form the sentence core which is essensial to every complete sentence. In addition, it may function as the chief or “head” word in many structures of modification.

Types of  Nouns :

Classified by Meaning

Proper Nouns

A proper noun begins with a capital letter in writing. It includes, (a) Personal names (Mr. John Smith, Ms. Marcella) ; (b) Names of geographic units such as countries, cities, rivers,etc (Holland, Paris) ; (c) Names of  nationalities and religions (a Dutchman, Christianity) ; (d) Names of holidays (Easter, Thanksgiving Day) ; (e) Names of time units (Monday, June) ; (f) Word used for personification – a thing or abstraction treated as a person (Nature, Liberty).

As opposed to proper nouns, all other nouns are classified as common nouns.

Example :

1. Anita didn’t come here because she was slept.
2. Ms. Marcella sent me some postcards.
3. Next Monday is my birthday.
4. Holland is my favorite countries.
5. We came by ferry then drove to London.

Concrete or Abstract Nouns

A concrete noun is a word for a physical object that can be perceived by the senses – we can see, touch, smell the object (flower, boy). An abstrack noun is a word for a concept – it is an idea that exist in our minds only (handsome, wisdom, happiness).

Example :

1. He gives me a bunch of flowers.
2. The train has arrived.
3. The boy in the corner of room is my brother.
4. Your boyfriend is so handsome.
5. We wish you happiness.

Countable or Uncountable nouns

A countable noun can usually be  made plural by the addition of –s (a ring, two rings). A uncountable noun is not used in the plural (sugar, oil).

Example :

1. I have two rings.
2. She sent me a letter.
3. He drinks a cup of coffee.
4. We had meet for dinner.
5. I give you  ten apples.

Collective Nouns

A collective noun is a word for a group people, animals or object considered as a single unit. Examples of collective nouns are class, committee, crowd, enemy, group, majority, family, orchestra, folk, public, team.

Example :

1. All the committees have now made their recommendations.
2. My family has arrived from Bali.
3. Mr. John is majority leader in this province.
4. My team is the winner in this geme.
5. The committee have disagreed among themselves.

Types of  Nouns :

Classified by Form

Noun Compounds

The tearm compound, as it is used for a part of speech, refers to a group of words – usually two, but sometimes more-joined together into one vocabulary unit that functions as a single part of speech (Mother-in-law, bathroom, manservant, blue print, dining room, etc).

Exampe :

1. I usually take a bath in the bathroom.
2. We are having dinner in the dining room.
3. I don’t have step-daughter.
4. Sheila is her daughter-in-law.
5. Farhan is commander-in-chief.

Verbs

The verb is the most complex part of speech. Its varying arrangements with nouns determine the different kinds of sentence-statements, questions, commands, exclamations. Like the noun, the verb has the grammatical properties of person and number, properties which require agreement with the subject. But the verb also has several other grammatical properties that are shared with no other part of speech. These properties are tense, voice, mood, aspect.

Types of Verbs

Classified by Complement of Verb

Predicating or Linking Verbs

A predicating verb is the chief word in the predicate that says something about the subject. The predicating word has tradionally been called a verb of ”action” (babies cry ; She wrote a letter), but has actually been interpreted to include most non-action verbs that are not linking verbs (I remember him; She needs more money).

A Linking verb is a verb of incomplete predication; it merely announces that the real predicate follows. The more common linking verbs are appear, be, become, get, look, remain, seem. Also functioning as linking verbs are the verbs of perception (feel, taste,smell,sound).

Example :

1. The actress is beautiful.
2. Richard looks busy. (= Richard is busy).
3. The cakes smell delicious (=the cakes are delicious).
4. He cries in the backyard.
5. She sleeps in her bed.

Transitive or Intransitive Verbs

A transitive verb takes a direct object. An intransitive verb does not require an object. Only transitive verbs may be used in the passive voice (The book was returned by him quickly).

Example for Transitive verbs :

1. The man cuts the tree.
2. She watches the film
3. I eat sate.
4. She reads a novel.
5. He buys a pen.

Example for  Intransitive verbs :

1. The baby cries.
2. My mother is sleeping.
3. The water boils.
4. She walks.
5. He sits.

Reflexive Verbs

A reflexive verb requires one of the compounds with –self (reflexsive pronoun) as its object--express oneself, wash oneself, pride oneself, avail oneself.

Example :

1. She can look after herself.
2. He drives the car himself.
3. He keeps everything to himself.
4. She talks to oneself.
5. She washed the child and then dressed him quickly.

Types of Verbs

Classified by Form of Verb

Auxiliary or Lexical Verbs

Two or more words may be joined together into a single verb phrase that functions as the full verb of the predicate. The first part of the verb phrase is the auxiliary and the second part is lexical verb (will be, must go) .

Example :

1. She can write business letters very well.
2. He can speak English.
3. She could not go to school yesterday because she was ill.
4. I will be your bestfriend.
5. I must do my homework.

Finite or Non-Finite Verbs

A finite verb is a lexical verb with or without auxiliaries that acts as the full predicate. It is limited by all the grammatical properties a verb may have—person, number, tense, voice, etc. Non-finite verbs are incomplete verb forms that function as other parts of speech than verbs. They consist of the infinitive forms (to + the simple of verb) and the participial –ing or –ed forms.

Example :

1. The boy talking to the teacher is my brother.
2. The girl wearing a blue t-shirt is my daughter.
3. The man walking to the market is policeman.
4. The woman running to the kitchen is a secretary.
5. The boy playing toys is my son.

Adverbs

It has been customary to include the most disparate elements among the adverbs, frequently those that cannot be put into any other part of speech classification. Adverbs range in meaningfrom words having a strong lexical content (those that describe the action of the verb, or those that  indicate such meanings as time and place) to those that are used merely for emphasis.

Types of Adverbs

Classified by Meaning

Manner (Quickly, Neatly, Awkwardly)

The manner adverb has the most characteristic adverbial form (an –ly ending added to a descriptive adjective).

Example :

1. She did her work quickly.
2. The large horse is walk slowly.
3. John speaks English fluently.
4. He drives the carefully.
5. She speaks loudly.

Place and Direction (Here, Away, Outside, Left, Straight, West)

Among the adverbs of place  and direction may be included some prepositional forms appearing after the verb. Some archaic forms for adverbs of place and direction are still found in the literary language such as hither (=here), thither (=there), yonder (=overthere), hence (=from here), thence (=from there), whither (=where).

Example :

1. You may sit here.
2. They were in the classroom.
3. You must go away.
4. I live near park in this way.
5. Turn left and you’ll find the station.

Time

Definite time is adverbs have a fixed boundary in time – yesterday, today, tomorrow. Most of these words have noun form and some may be used in plural form – Saturdays, Nights. In addition, a group of words may function as a single time expression – last week, a month ago, the day before yesterday.

Indifine time is kind of time has no fixed boundary. (a) Words like recently, nowdays, soon, already, still. (b) Words denoting a sequence in time – now, then, before, after, next, first, later. (c) Words denoting frequency. Frequency words range in meaning from at all times to at no time – always, often, sometimes, never.

Example :

1. I did this before, and he has done at since.
2. See you tomorrow Lisa.
3. I woke up early in this morning.
4. We have a dinner now.
5. I’ll call you the day after tomorrow.

Types of Adverb

Classified by Function

Sentence Adverbs

These adverbs often have a loose grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence,  and are looked upon as modifying the whole sentence rather than the verb – fortunately, presumably, actually, obviously, evidently.

Sentence adverbs can serve as single word answers to questions, especially if they express affirmation (yes, certainly, absolutely, precisely,undeniably), negation (no), possibility or probability (perhaps, maybe, possibly, probably).

Exampe :

1. He evidently thinks that he can do  no wrong.
2. Evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself.
3. She become a secretary fortunately.
4. The actually count was 25.
5. Actually he did not to go at all.

Conjunctive Adverbs

These adverbs establish a relationship between one sentence or clause ant the preceding sentence or clause. Conjunctive adverbs indicate such relationship as result (therefore, accordingly), addition (moreover, besides), contrast (however, nevertheless), condition (otherwise), time (then). Groups of words may be used to establish the same kinds of relationships as conjunctive adverbs do – in addition, for this reason, after this, if not.

Example :

1. We saw the saw and then went home.
2. There was nothing for dinner therefore we had to go to a grocery store.
3. John didn’t study, therefore he failed the test.
4. He is a clever man, nevertheless he often makes mistakes.
5. You must take a rest, otherwise you’ll lose your health.

Explanatory Adverbs

These adverbs illustrate or enumerate – namely, for example, as, i.e. (=that is), e.g. (=for example), viz. (=namely).

Example :

1. There are many kinds of animals for example mamalia.
2. There are many parts of speech as Noun, Verb, Adverb, and Adjectives.
3. O the same as zero.
4. For examples collective nouns are class, committee, crowd, enemy.
5. For examples noun compounds are mother-in-law, bathroom, manservant, blue print, dining room.

Relative, Interrogative Adverbs (When, Where, Why, How)

Relative adverbs is adverbs introduce adjective clauses. Interrogative adverbs is adverbs in questions and in noun clauses derived from questions.

Example :

1. We visited the house where a famous poet once lived.
2. When will he arrive?
3. I asked when he would arrive.
4. This is house where we live.
5. She lives in Staunton where Wilson was born.

Exclamatory adverb – How

This adverb is used with adjectives and adverbs.

Example :

1. How beautiful she is !
2. How beautifully she dresses !
3. How he has grown !
4. How he loves her !
5. How little he cares !